The five limbs, simply
Tithi is the Moon's distance from the Sun — it sets the day's emotional tone. Nakshatra is the Moon's star — it refines the flavor. Yoga and karana are finer pairings used by pandits for detailed muhurat work. Vara is just the weekday, each day owned by a planet (Monday by the Moon, Saturday by Saturn and so on).
Rahukaal and Abhijit — the two windows everyone checks
Rahukaal is a daily ~90-minute window considered poor for new beginnings — it moves to a different time slot each weekday. Abhijit muhurat, around local noon, is considered broadly lucky on most days. Start with just these two and your day planning is already better.
How to build the habit
Check the panchang each morning for a week — just tithi, Rahukaal and Abhijit. You will start noticing patterns: which tithis feel calm for you, which windows suit your work. Today's Panchang page shows all of it in one glance, updated daily.